ABSTRACT
Anti-N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis, recently recognized as a form of paraneoplastic encephalitis, is characterized by a prodromal phase of unspecific illness with fever that resembles a viral disease. The prodromal phase is followed by seizures, disturbed consciousness, psychiatric features, prominent abnormal movements, and autonomic imbalance. Here, we report a case of anti-NMDAR encephalitis with initial symptoms of epilepsia partialis continua in the absence of tumor. Briefly, a 3-year-old girl was admitted to the hospital due to right-sided, complex partial seizures without preceding febrile illness. The seizures evolved into epilepsia partialis continua and were accompanied by epileptiform discharges from the left frontal area. Three weeks after admission, the patient's seizures were reduced with antiepileptic drugs; however, she developed sleep disturbances, cognitive decline, noticeable oro-lingual-facial dyskinesia, and choreoathetoid movements. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis was confirmed by positive detection of NMDAR antibodies in the patient's serum and cerebrospinal fluid, and her condition slowly improved with immunoglobulin, methylprednisolone, and rituximab. At present, the patient is no longer taking multiple antiepileptic or antihypertensive drugs. Moreover, the patient showed gradual improvement of motor and cognitive function. This case serves as an example that a diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis should be considered when children with uncontrolled seizures develop dyskinesias without evidence of malignant tumor. In these cases, aggressive immunotherapies are needed to improve the outcome of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis , Antibodies , Anticonvulsants , Antihypertensive Agents , Cerebrospinal Fluid , Cognition , Consciousness , D-Aspartic Acid , Diagnosis , Dyskinesias , Encephalitis , Epilepsia Partialis Continua , Fever , Immunoglobulins , Immunotherapy , Korea , Methylprednisolone , Rituximab , Seizures , Virus DiseasesABSTRACT
Objetivo: Evaluar la concentración de glutamato, aspartato y glicinato en alimentos elaborados en Lima, Perú. Material y Métodos: Se analizó el contenido de glutamato, aspartato y glicinato, aminoácidos no esenciales presentes en diez comidas peruanas: lomo saltado, arroz con pollo, arroz chaufa, rocoto relleno, seco de carne, ceviche de caballa, escabeche de pollo, tallar¡n saltado de carne, causa de conserva de pescado, ají de pollo. Se realizó el análisis del contenido de aminoácidos en cada una de los preparados por cromatografía líquida HPLC según Quattrocchi y Laba por el método de derivatización pre-columna. Resultados: Se encontró mayor contenido de glutamato: 2463 mg/100g en tallarín saltado de carne. El aspartato y glicinato fueron más abundantes en ceviche de caballa con 1707,95 mg/100g y 893,73 mg/100g respectivamente. Conclusiones: En las comidas analizadas se halló mayor contenido de glutámico lo cual se relaciona al buen sabor y aceptabilidad de las comidas elaboradas en Lima, PerúAU)
Objective: to evaluate the concentration of glutamate, aspartite and glycinate in foods made in Lima, Peru. Material and Methods: The present study analyzed the content of non-essential amino acids glutamate, aspartite and glycinate, present in ten Peruvian foods. Those selected were lomo saltado, arroz con pollo, arroz chaufa, rocoto relleno, seco de carne, ceviche de caballa, escabeche de pollo, tallar¡n saltado de carne, causa de conserva de pescado, aj¡ de pollo. The analysis of the content of amino acids on the ten Peruvian Creole food was done by liquid chromatography HPLC according to Quattrocchi and Laba by pre-columna derivatization method. Results: Highest content of glutamate was found in tallarin saltado de carne: 2463 mg / 100g. Aspartite and glycinate were more abundant in ceviche with 1707,95 mg / 100g and 893,73 mg / 100g respectively. Conclusions: in the analyzed meals we found high content of glutamate which relates to the good taste and acceptability of meals prepared in Lima, Peru
Subject(s)
Meals , Cooking , Glycine , D-Aspartic Acid , Glutamic AcidABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Reactive oxygen species and inflammatory responses contribute to the development of neuropathic pain. Superoxide serves to mediate cell signaling processes and tissue injury during inflammation. We examined the effects of superoxide on the development and maintenance of mechanical allodynia, as well as its contribution to central sensitization in a superoxide-rich animal model of neuropathic pain. METHODS: Chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP) was induced via the left hindpaw ischemia for 3 h, followed by reperfusion. Superoxide dismutase (4,000 U/kg, i.p.) was administered either 5 min before ischemia (BI), 5 min before reperfusion (BR), or 3 days after reperfusion (3AR). Withdrawal thresholds of the four paws were measured to assess the mechanical allodynia and the effects of circulating xanthine oxidase (XO)-mediated superoxide production. In addition, we measured the levels of N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 phosphorylation (p-NR1) in the ipsilateral and contralateral spinal cord (L4-6), by Western blotting, to examine the superoxide-mediated central sensitization. Superoxide production was assessed by allopurinol-sensitive, XO-mediated lipid peroxidation of the spinal cord and gastrocnemius muscles. RESULTS: Withdrawal thresholds of forepaws did not vary across the 7 days of testing. In the hindpaws, both ipsilateral and contralateral mechanical allodynia was most attenuated in the BR group, followed by the BI and 3AR groups. The degree of NR1 activation was in contrast to the changes in the withdrawal thresholds. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that superoxide is involved in the development and maintenance of mechanical allodynia, particularly via central sensitization in the spinal cord.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Blotting, Western , Central Nervous System Sensitization , D-Aspartic Acid , Hyperalgesia , Inflammation , Ischemia , Lipid Peroxidation , Models, Animal , Neuralgia , Phosphorylation , Reactive Oxygen Species , Reperfusion , Spinal Cord , Superoxide Dismutase , Superoxides , Xanthine OxidaseABSTRACT
The sigma-1 receptor has recently been implicated in a myriad of cellular functions and biological processes. Previous studies have demonstrated that the spinal sigma-1 receptor plays a pro-nociceptive role in acute pain and that the direct activation of sigma-1 receptor enhances the nociceptive response to peripheral stimuli, which is closely associated with calcium-dependent second messenger cascades including protein kinase C (PKC). In addition, the activation of sigma-1 receptor increases PKC- and protein kinase alpha (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation of the N-Methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the spinal cord, which results in the potentiation of intrathecal NMDA-evoked spontaneous pain behavior. Moreover, the blockade of spinal sigma-1 receptor suppresses the development of neuropathic pain and blocks the increase of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) as well as pNR1 in the spinal cord. Recently, it was also reported that spinal neurosteroids such as pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, which are recognized as endogenous ligands for sigma-1 receptor, could produce mechanical hypersensitivity via sigma-1 receptor-mediated increase of pNR1. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the activation of spinal sigma-1 receptor or the increase of neurosteroids is closely associated with the acute pain sensation or the development of chronic pain, and imply that sigma-1 receptor can be a new potential target for the development of analgesics.
Subject(s)
Acute Pain , Analgesics , Biological Phenomena , Central Nervous System Sensitization , Chronic Pain , D-Aspartic Acid , Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate , Hypersensitivity , Ligands , Neuralgia , Neurotransmitter Agents , Phosphorylation , Phosphotransferases , Pregnenolone , Protein Kinase C , Protein Kinases , Receptors, sigma , Second Messenger Systems , Sensation , Spinal CordABSTRACT
Fucoidan, a sulfated polyanionic polymer of L-fucose, is obtained from brown marine macroalgae. In the present study, neuroprotective effect of fucoidan against N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced excitotoxicity in the hippocampus was investigated. The patch clamp study revealed that fucoidan significantly inhibited NMDA receptor-activated ion current in the acutely dissociated hippocampal CA1 neurons. In an organotypic hippocampal slice culture, fucoidan inhibited NMDA-induced neuronal cell death in a dose-dependent manner. The present study showed that fucoidan possesses a neuroprotective effect against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, and that the suppressive effect of fucoidan on the NMDA-induced ion current can be suggested as being the underlying neuroprotective mechanism of fucoidan.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Cell Death , D-Aspartic Acid , Hippocampus , N-Methylaspartate , Neurons , Neuroprotective Agents , Polymers , Polysaccharides , SeaweedABSTRACT
El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar los niveles extracelulares de glutamato y aspartato en el fluido del surco gingival (GCF) de personas adultas, en la periodontitis crónica localizada inducida por placa (PCIP) y la gingivitis inducida por placa (GIP). La enfermedad periodontal produce cambios inflamatorios en los tejidos de sostén de las piezas dentales afectadas. El análisis químico del GCF, con diferentes métodos de colección y análisis, ha sido usado para determinar la presencia de algunos elementos inflamatorios que aparecen en la enfermedad periodontal, tales como diversas enzimas, aminoácidos, etc.Las muestras del GCF se tomaron con la técnica de microdiálisis en las zonas dentales con PCIP con una profundidad del surco > 3 mm; pérdida de soporte > 2mm y en las zonas dentales con GIP en el mismo paciente (n=10) Total de muestras: 100. Para medir el glutamato y aspartato en el GCF se usó la técnica de electroforesis capilar acoplada a laser con detección inducida por fluorescencia (CZE-LIFD). Los resultados mostraron que en los dientes con PCIP el glutamato disminuyó (p<0.05) y el aspartato aumentó (p< 0.02) en comparación con los dientes con GIP.
The objective of this work was to compare glutamate and aspartate levels in periodontal chronic localized disease (PCIP) and dental zones with gingivitis (GIP) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Periodontal inflammation produces histological changes, increase of blood irrigation and also increase of subgingival fluid. GCF was recognized as an inflammatory exudes derived from the periodontal tissue. Different methods to collect and analyze GCF samples had been used to identify some substances in the GCF, such as the proteinglycans metabolite, to be a possible marker of active periodontal disease. A combination of microdialysis in situ in dental zones with PCIP (probing depth > 3 mm; attachment level > 2 mm) and dental zones with GIP (n=10), total samples: 100, and capillary zone electrophoresis coupled to a laser induced fluorescence detection (CZE-LIFD) was used to measure extracellular concentrations of amino acids: glutamate and aspartate in the GCF in adult patients The results showed that glutamate decrease (p<0.05) and aspartate increase (p<0.02) in PCIP disease zones compared with dental zones with GIP. We observed chemical in vivo evidence that differentiate the GIP zones and PCIP zones.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , D-Aspartic Acid/analysis , D-Aspartic Acid/physiology , Glutamic Acid/analysis , Glutamic Acid/physiology , Gingival Crevicular Fluid/chemistry , Periodontitis/enzymology , Periodontitis/physiopathology , Analysis of Variance , Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods , Data Interpretation, Statistical , VenezuelaABSTRACT
El uso de altas cantidades de fertilizantes nitrogenados en las lecherías especializadas, ha conducido a cambios importantes en las características nutricionales de los forrajes, incrementando el contenido de nitrogeno total (proteina cruda) y su fracción soluble (fracción) a expensas de la proteína verdadera. Este hecho ha generado un aumento exagerado del contenido de nitrogeno fermentable que aparece como amonio el cual no alcanza a ser utilizado por la flora ruminal y pasacon relativa facilidad al torrente circulatorio; posteriormente debe ser transformado en el higado a area y eliminado en la orina o en la leche. Las vacas lactantes utilizan sus reservas proteicas (ademas del propionato ruminal), a favor de la sintesis de glucosa. Los aminoacidos producto del catabolismo proteico, sufren un proceso de transaminación para confluir, la mayoria de ellos, en el glutamato a partir de Á-cetoglutarato como cetoacido receptor. En el interior de la mitocondria, en presencia dela glutamato deshidrogenasa es liberado el amonio y este, en presencia de la carbamoil C fosfato sintetasa, bicarbonato y dos moles de ATP, forma el carbamoil fosfato (CaP), el que más adelante liberarón área. El amonio libre procedente de la absorción ruminal puede formar también Carbamoil Fosfato (CbP), sin embargo, esta reacción tiene baja afinidad a diferencia de la formación del glutamato a partir del mismo amonio y Á- cetoglutarato. La unión del glutamato con otra molécula de amonio produce glutamina la cual es un vehículo muy empleado por el organismo para deshacerse del amonio a nivel renal. La retención del amonio como glutamato constituye un gasto del Á- cetoglutarato, el cual es un importante precursor de la glucosa con lo que la gluconeogenesis a partir de este metabolito se puede ver disminuida. Paralelamente, el aumento en la actividad ureogênica conlleva al incremento en las necesidades de ciertos aminoácidos, como la metionina, para la...
Subject(s)
Amino Acids , Animals, Suckling , Cattle , Energy Metabolism , Fatty Acids , Gluconeogenesis , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds , Urea/metabolism , D-Aspartic Acid , Glutamic Acid , GlutamineABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: There is considerable controversy about the exact molecular mechanisms of excitatory amino acid receptors in epileptogenesis. METHODS: We used in situ hybridization to examine the hybridization density (HD) of n-methyl- D-aspartic acid receptor type 1 (NMDAR-1) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy -5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptor type 2 (GluR-2) mRNA, in the hippocampus obtained from the kainic acid (KA)-induced status epilep-ticus (SE) model. Some Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with KA (10 mg/Kg; I.p.), and others with MK-801 (4 mg/kg) 20 minutes prior to KA. The rats were allowed to have 4-hour SE and were killed at 8 hours or 4 weeks after KA or MK-801/KA injection. HD of NMDAR-1 and GluR-2 mRNA in subfields of the hippocampus was measured by an image analysis system. RESULTS: A typical neuropathological finding of hippocampal sclerosis and spontaneous repetitive seizures (SRS) were observed in the KA injected rats, but not in the MK-801 pretreated rats, killed at 4 weeks. Compared with controls, the rats killed at 8 hours after KA showed increased CA1, CA2, and CA3 NMDAR-1 HD, and stratum granulosum (SG) GluR-2 HD. The increase of NMDAR-1, not GluR-2, HD was blocked effectively by MK-801. The increase of SG GluR-2 HD remained until 4 weeks after the KA injection. CONCLUSIONS: Not only the NMDAR-1activa-tionbut also the GluR-2 activation is an important factor in delaying hippocampal neuronal loss and epileptogenesis. (J Korean Neurol Assoc 19(1):36~44, 2001
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid , D-Aspartic Acid , Dizocilpine Maleate , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe , Gene Expression , Glutamic Acid , Hippocampus , In Situ Hybridization , Kainic Acid , N-Methylaspartate , Neurons , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Glutamate , RNA, Messenger , Sclerosis , Seizures , Temporal LobeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The substantia nigra pars reticulata is a critical site for the control of epileptic seizures. The potentiation of the inhibitory gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) ergic input from the striatum to the substantia nigra pars reticulata suppresses primary or secondary generalized seizures in rats. Recent data suggests that the projection from the subthala-mus to the substantia nigra pars reticulata plays a critical role in the control of some forms of epileptic seizures. METHODS: We examined the possible involvement of the excitatory glutamatergic input from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) to the substantia nigra in pilocarpine-induced seizures by the direct injection of GABA receptor agonist (muscimol) and n-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (MK-801) into the substantia nigra pars reticularis (SNr) and the subthalamic nucleus respectively. Sprague-Dawley rats were classified into four groups depending on the pretreatment; the injection of saline (STN sham) or muscimol (STN) into the subthalamic nucleus, and the injection of saline (SNr sham) or MK-801 (SNr) into the substantia nigra. Seizure was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of pilocarpine (400 mg/kg). RESULTS: Mean seizure stages in the STN group (1.5 +/-0.5) and SNr group (1.3 +/-0.5) were significantly lower than STN sham group (4.8 +/-0.4) and SNr sham group (4.8 +/-0.4) (P <0.05). Electroencephlograms showed typical status epilepticus patterns in the sham operation group but only discrete ictal discharges with slowing and intermittent ictal spikes were shown in both STN and SNr group. Viable cell numbers in the CA1 and CA3 in STN and SNr groups were significantly higher than those of the sham group (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence for the role of subthalamo-nigral projections in the modulation of pilocarpine-induced seizures.